|
The black drink is a name for several kinds of ritual beverages brewed by Native Americans in the Southeastern United States. Traditional ceremonial people of the Caddo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee and some other Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands use the black drink in purification ceremonies. It was occasionally known as ''white drink'' because of the association of the color white with peace leaders in some Native cultures in the Southeast. The black drink is typically seen in Native cultures where it is present as a purifier that removes spiritual and physical contamination from the drinker, and as such is never taken casually. While the recipe can vary between tribes, and the full formula is not published or given to outsiders, a prominent ingredient in many formulas is the roasted leaves and stems of ''Ilex vomitoria'' (commonly known as Yaupon Holly) native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. The black drink usually contains emetic herbs, which are used with the express purpose of inducing vomiting. There is a degree of variation in its ritual use. It often involves vomiting, but not always. Vomiting is not induced by the mere consumption of a drink prepared with ''Ilex vomitoria''. It was occasionally used by some groups as a stimulating, but not casual social drink for before council meetings.〔 ==Preparation== According to the ethnohistorical record, the yaupon leaves and branches used for the black drink were traditionally picked as close to the time of its planned consumption as possible. After picking they were lightly parched in a ceramic container over fire. The roasting increases the solubility in water of the caffeine, which is the same reason coffee beans are roasted. After browning, they were boiled in large containers of water until the liquid reached a dark brown or black color, giving it its name. The liquid was then strained into containers to cool, until it was cool enough to not scald the skin, and drunk while still hot. Because caffeine is 30 times more soluble in boiling water than room temperature water, this heightened its effect. It was then consumed in a ritual manner. Its physiological effects are mainly those of massive doses of caffeine. Three to six cups of strong coffee is equal to 0.5 to 1.0 grams of caffeine; the black drink could have delivered at least this much and possibly up to 3.0 to 6.0 grams of caffeine. Similar methods of production were adopted by European colonists for the production of a drink that often shared the same names with Native names for the black drink, but were used for different purposes. While the general method of production is known, not all details of the preparation and ceremonial usage of the black drink are.The source of the emetic effect of black drink is not known and has been speculated upon by historians, archaeologists, and botanists. Some professionals belief it be caused by the addition of poisonous Button snakeroot. It has also been speculated that the emetic effect was caused by physically triggering the gag reflex or by the mere act of consuming vast quantities of a warm liquid. Modern preparation and usage the black drink by Native Americans is less well documented. Online recipes for the black drink have been criticized by some Native Americans as potentially dangerous if not poisonous due those recipes leaving out key steps. The berries of the yaupon holly are poisonous. Kidney failure is one possible outcome of consuming beverages containing holly leaves. Those recipes have also been seen as violating Indigenous intellectual property and potentially leading to cultural appropriation. Some Native Americans warn that recipes found online or in books should not be assumed to be safe. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「black drink」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|